(1986) Compensatory Lengthening and Consonant Gemination in Luganda. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. He argues that, in two of these languages, Kom and Oku, * raised to /u/ and *u became fricated, sometimes occurring with a schwa [] offglide (Faytak & Merrill 2014). Charette Malambe, G. B. Bergen, B. K. F. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics , Most Bantu languages are reported as having two series of plosives, voiced and voiceless, and this follows the Proto-Bantu reconstruction of Meeussen (1967). In A. This is the mean across three speakers, two male and one female. Waveform of the middle part of the Tonga S62 word // father, illustrating the increasing amplitude of voicing during the implosive. In & It is noteworthy that none of the Bantu languages of East Africa appear to have acquired clicks from the surviving or former languages of this area with clicks (Maddieson et al. In (2008) The Acoustic Correlates of ATR Harmony in Seven- and Nine-Vowel African Languages: A Phonetic Inquiry Into Phonological Structure. (2011) Articulatory and Acoustic Characteristics of Whistled Fricatives in Changana. Definition "Bantu" means "people" in many Bantu languages. Moyo, C. T. Paris: Centre de Recherches, dEchanges et de Documentation Universitaire. Nande JD42 vowel formant means. Fehn A. MALCOLM The Classification of the Bantu Languages. Press; London, New Rialland In the rest of this section, three of the particular issues of phonetic interest are discussed: the dental/alveolar place contrast, the possible occurrence of articulatorily complex consonants, and the nature of the so-called whistling fricatives. Longer sections of the chapter will be devoted to aspects of laryngeal action in consonants, to the description of clicks and their distribution in Bantu, and to some of the interesting aspects of nasality which occur in these languages. , Despite the fact that the lexical tone after the depressor is high (Rycroft 1981), the onset F0 is about 30 Hz lower than the low tone onset after the non-depressor, and a rapid pitch fall begins during the vowel which precedes the depressor. In Changana S53, whistling fricatives occur with a rounded lip posture (Shosted 2011) rather than the narrowed lip posture seen in Shona S10, Kalanga S16 and Tsonga S53. Figure 3.29 Connell, B. (2008) Bantu Spirantization: Morphologization, Lexicalization and Historical Classification. South African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies Patin, C. Arlington: University of Texas, PhD dissertation. & shows a typical example of /o/ in the word /ko/ to go; /o/ has a low F2 (below 1000 Hz). | How to buy Naidoo 2007), which is auditorily reminiscent of a lateral click. Figure 3.18 Journal of Phonetics Plauch Narrowing the pharynx raises the first formant, other things being equal. Faytak, M. There is no overlap in the closures for the two segments, except optionally in the case of the nasal sequence /m/. ga] dog spoken by a male speaker. They form the largest branch of the Southern Bantoid languages.. (2014) How to Study a Tone Language, with Exemplification from Oku (Grassfields Bantu, Cameroon). Updates? Ishihara 5: 105111. (2004) The Chimwiini Lexicon Exemplified. Guthrie, M. Dombrowsky-Hahn, K. A discussion of Bantu phonetics would not be complete without reference to some of the studies of the major prosodic characteristics of the languages. Zulu S42 and Xhosa S41 have dental //, alveolar lateral // and apical post-alveolar // click types. ), Proceedings of Laboratory Phonology 9, 643656. Vers une reconstruction du proto-A80. Downing, L. J. Figure 3.7 Myers, S. Chichewa is a Bantu language spoken principally in the area of Africa lying in the Great Rift Valley. (2002) An Acoustic Study of Contrasting Plosives and Click Accompaniments in Xhosa. Dental and alveolar implosives and clicks may display constriction patterns that differ from those of corresponding pulmonic stops. In Jita JE25, for instance, only the initial syllable of verb roots may contrast in tone (Downing 2011). The white horizontal lines indicate the width of the maximum cons-triction. The East Ruvu Bantu Expand 1 PDF Studies in African Linguistics Volume 50 Number 2, 2021. Table 3.2 Figure 3.30 . ), The Blackwell Companion to Phonology, Chapter 14. You can find out more in our Privacy Policy. Kawahara Campbell 17, 145154. Brenzinger, M. In the five-vowel system of Xhosa S41, for example, /e o/ are genuinely mid in character. Journal of the International Phonetic Association S. Kgler M. , & 2009b, Miller 2010, 2016). Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies (2017) How Do You Whisper a Click? (2016) Chimiini Intonation. In A. (1987) Qhalaxarzi Consonants. In describing clicks, it is customary to talk of the click type and the click accompaniment. In Thomas-Vilakatis study, inserts with 96 electrodes were used, together with software allowing a sweep of the contact patterns to be made every 10 ms. (1994) Duration in Moraic Theory. Laine C. & The Classification of the Bantu Languages. Tlale, O. Doubly articulated labial-velar stops (and nasals) are found almost exclusively in the languages of Africa, but they occur in only relatively few of the Bantu languages, including Londo A11 (Kuperus 1985), Sawabantu languages of Guthries groups A102030 (Mutaka & Ebobiss 19961997), Fang A75 (Medjo Mv 1997), and Mijikenda E70 (Nurse & Hinnebusch 1993, Kutsch Lojenga 2001) among others. Miller, A. Stanford: Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), Stanford University. (2015) The Bantoid Languages. In Oxford Handbooks Online. Somerville: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. Nabirye, M. Bonny Sands, Print publication date: February 2019 McCormack, P. Rialland Smouse (eds. In & Chebanne C. I. ), Prosodic Categories: Production, Perception and Comprehension, 243265. (1931a) A Comparative Study of Shona Phonetics. (PDF) Bantu Lexical Reconstruction - ResearchGate However, breathiness is not an invariable accompaniment of depression as had been proposed by Rycroft (1980). C. J. , Articulatory positions of six of the vowels of Fang A75 (variety of Bitam). (ed. Rous 74: 1634. Areas north of Swati S43 and east of Ndebele S44 with grey patterns show the S10, S50 and S61 zones where clicks have been sporadically attested. Miller, A. Pakendorf Bantu Phonology | Oxford Handbook Topics in Linguistics | Oxford Academic K. C. 38(3): 404421. K. Click consonants do not occur Herero R31, Umbundu R11, Totela K41 or Lozi K21, nor are they found in languages of the Wambo R20 cluster, such as Kwanyama R21, Mbalanhu R214 and Ndonga R22. (2014) Chain Shifts, Strident Vowels, and Expanded Vowel Spaces. Pakendorf, B. Spiss, C. (eds. R. K. PDF School of Oriental and African Studies Cambridge University Press Rice Final lowering is fairly common across Bantu, but is not attested in Basaa A43a (Downing & Rialland 2016b). Hombert, J.-M. Persson, J. Downing, L. J. For the purposes of this volume, originally published in 1954, two southern zones of Bantu have been included - south of the Zambesi and east of the Kalahari. , Each point represents the mean of 20 or 30 measurements on minimal sets of words differing only in the penultimate vowel, spoken by a male speaker. Vietti Figure 3.9 , is appropriate rather than the [i e a o u] preferred by Maganga and Schadeberg (1992). (eds. Lee Published for the International African Institute by the Oxford University Press, 1948. , & In K. W. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research 2011, Boyer & Zsiga 2013). This illustrates one instance where the occurrence of cross-linguistically less common phonetic segments may be disguised by notational practices. The release of a lateral click is also affricated, occurring initially through a narrow channel quite far back, as shown in frame 170 and continuing in frame 180. Medjo Mv, P. (1992) tude du systeme vocalique fang par rsonance magntique. Paper presented at the 46th Colloquium on African Languages and Linguistics, Leiden. Mbochi C25, which does not have downdrift, still has final lowering due to a L% boundary tone (Rialland & Aborobongui 2016). Ayalew (1914) La langue Thonga. Figure 3.11 (2003) F0 Timing in Kinyarwanda. Fwe vowel formant means according to measurements by the second author on recordings made available by Hilde Gunnink. Two examples from Giryama E72a are illustrated in & Volume 4: A Catalogue of Common Bantu with Commentary. (forth.). Haacke, W. H. G. Map. Xhosa S41 vowel formant means (Roux & Holtzhausen 1989). Post-alveolar clicks have the greatest rarefaction, lateral clicks the least, perhaps because the contra-lateral bracing of the tongue in the lateral clicks may constrain the amount of tongue-center lowering that is possible. a thorough treatment of both the syntactic and semantic characteristics of the external and internal arguments. EPG frames showing the releasing phase of a post-alveolar click spoken by a male Zulu S42 speaker. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login).
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