Med. Moreover, exogenous delivery of Ang (17) was shown to play a part in reducing inflammation and improving pulmonary function in ARDS models (Wosten-van Asperen et al., 2011). Hyponatremia in Infectious Diseases-A Literature Review. Lung Injury in COVID-19 Has Pulmonary Edema as an Important Component and Treatment with Furosemide and Negative Fluid Balance (NEGBAL) Decreases Mortality. Int. Immunopathol 38 (3), 321329. Res. BMJ 369, m1432. doi:10.1007/s00018-007-6228-6, Itani, O. Woman dies half an hour after vaccine: Autopsy shows pulmonary edema 35 (19), 30142017. Am. Am. However, as we discussed above, the inhibition of ENaC can also induce pulmonary edema and further studies are required to determine the potential use of ENaC inhibitors for COVID-19 treatment. Mechanism of inhibiting ENaC inducing pulmonary edema. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. 19 (5), 305306. J. Appl. B., van der Loos, C. M., et al. Chloride Transport-Driven Alveolar Fluid Secretion Is a Major Contributor to Cardiogenic Lung Edema. 21, 97S107S. Several cases of vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia from a similar viral vector vaccine (Oxford-AstraZeneca [ChAdOx1 nCoV-19]) have been reported. Copyright 2021 Cui, Chen, Zhou, Gong, Zhu, Lv, Guo, Duan, Zhou, Marcon and Ma. Additionally, other major ADRs were potentially linked to the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, including central nervous system thrombosis, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism [3-5]. Am. Available: http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7653p/202003/46c9294a7dfe4cef80dc7f5912eb1989.shtml (Accessed February 4, 2021). Pulmonary Fibrosis and COVID-19: the Potential Role for Antifibrotic Therapy. AQP-5 protein, present in the apical membranes of AT-I cell of alveolar epithelium, can regulate the transport of water molecules. (2020a). Subjects 1760 (1), 19. Glucocorticoids, especially dexamethasone, have already been applied in the clinical treatment of COVID-19. However, the efficacy and safety of these drugs in COVID-19 patients are unclear. Pediatr. 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-203894 Moreover, other drugs which can regulate immune system like hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin may also show effects in treating SARS-COV-2-induced pulmonary edema and their effectiveness in treating SARS-COV-2 infections should be further investigated. Decreased Expression of Aquaporin-5 in Bleomycin-Induced Lung Fibrosis in the Mouse fibrosis in the Mouse. 183 (1), G9G15. (2020). Hormonal Regulation and Genomic Organization of the Human Amiloride-Sensitive Epithelial Sodium Channel Subunit Gene. Clinical Course and Outcomes of Critically Ill Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a Single-Centered, Retrospective, Observational Study. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1986.tb02859.x, Negrini, D., Passi, A., de Luca, G., and Miserocchi, G. (1998). official website and that any information you provide is encrypted It was observed that the expression of ENaC and Na+/K+-ATPase in primary alveolar type II cells from rat lungs increased responding to terbutaline (Minakata et al., 1998). doi:10.1152/ajplung.00376.2005, Li, C., Wang, P., Li, M., Zheng, R., Chen, S., Liu, S., et al. J. Respir. doi:10.3390/v4040557, Ho, T., Wu, S., Chen, J., Li, C., and Hsiang, C. (2007). A recent review suggested that low-to-moderate doses of dexamethasone may lower the mortality rate in patients with severe infections (Ahmed and Hassan, 2020) and the latest finding indicated that the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio determines the clinical efficacy of corticosteroid therapy in COVID-19 patients, as a neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio >6.11 associating with lower mortality in patients on corticosteroids (Cai et al., 2021). Jiangsu Qing Lan Project for Young Academic Leaders of China. J. Med. Treatment of Pulmonary Edema by ENaC Activators/Stimulators. "It is the macroscopic image of an old myocardial infarction and pulmonary edema under further laboratory investigation," medical examiner Nikos Kalogrias reportedly said on Wednesday. Perplexingly, among the currently pursued therapeutic strategies against COVID-19, none is designed to directly protect the alveolo-capillary barrier. Perplexingly, successful balance of lung humoral metabolism may lead to the reduction of the number of COVID-19 death limiting the possibility of healthcare services with insufficient capacity to provide ventilator-assisted respiration. N. Engl. (2020). Front. HA is degraded by hyaluronidases encoded by HYAL1 and HYAL2, whose activity depends on CD44, an HA receptor (Harada and Takahashi, 2007). As such, TRPV4 inhibition likely has protective and beneficial effect on mucus clearance and pulmonary edema. Therefore, the S protein determines the host cell of the virus, regulates the viral attachment and fusion with the host cell membrane, and promotes cellular invasion. Cell Death Differ 27 (5), 14511454. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1996.270.6.h2000, Negrini, D., Passi, A., and Moriondo, A. Med. (2006) reported that the cryptotanshinone in Salvia miltiorrhiz can inhibit the synthesis of cGMP and NO in vein endothelial cells, activate NO/cGMP pathway and improve the blood circulation. Acad. 96 (5), 25142519. J. Med. The Origin, Transmission and Clinical Therapies on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak - an Update on the Status. TRPA1 Agonists Evoke Coughing in guinea Pig and Human Volunteers. When to. doi:10.1111/jcmm.15146, Harada, H., and Takahashi, M. (2007). doi:10.1111/joim.13091, Passi, A., Negrini, D., Albertini, R., de Luca, G., and Miserocchi, G. (1998). Protectin DX Increases Alveolar Fluid Clearance in Rats with Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury. 97 (18), 1028210287. Pflugers Arch. Biophys. CD44 inhibition reduces the IL-2 induced vascular leakage syndrome, revealing that CD44 may act as a potential target in COVID-19 treatment. A pulmonary edema was the cause of the death of a woman who died short after a vaccine on Tuesday an autopsy has shown. FIGURE 4. Cel Mol Biol 54 (3), 370383. 2023 Apr;201(2):159-170. doi: 10.1007/s00408-023-00615-9. (1985) 93 (4), 15331541. 275 (2), L414L422. Inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory storm in COVID-19 patients can strongly induce the expression of HA-synthase-2 (HAS2), while hyaluronidase level decreases, resulting in the accumulation of HA and inducing ARDS and pulmonary edema (Shi. Kiener M, Roldan N, Machahua C, Sengupta A, Geiser T, Guenat OT, Funke-Chambour M, Hobi N, Kruithof-de Julio M. Front Med (Lausanne). Mol. Water and sodium disturbances along with the unusual serum potassium levels are most common. Natl. J. Physiol. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. doi:10.1016/bs.apcsb.2015.11.005, Cure, E., and Cumhur Cure, M. (2020).
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